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Compare Bhutan (2002) - Heard Island and McDonald Islands (2008)

Compare Bhutan (2002) z Heard Island and McDonald Islands (2008)

 Bhutan (2002)Heard Island and McDonald Islands (2008)
 BhutanHeard Island and McDonald Islands
Administrative divisions 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Dagana, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang


note: there may be two new districts named Gasa and Yangtse		 -
Age structure 0-14 years: 39.8% (male 431,883; female 401,386)


15-64 years: 56.2% (male 606,184; female 571,310)


65 years and over: 4% (male 42,193; female 41,220) (2002 est.)		 -
Agriculture - products rice, corn, root crops, citrus, foodgrains; dairy products, eggs -
Airports 2 (2001) -
Airports - with paved runways total: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2002)		 -
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2002)		 -
Area total: 47,000 sq km


land: 47,000 sq km


water: 0 sq km		 total: 412 sq km


land: 412 sq km


water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative about half the size of Indiana slightly more than two times the size of Washington, DC
Background In 1865, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding some border land. Under British influence, a monarchy was set up in 1907; three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. This role was assumed by independent India after 1947. Two years later, a formal Indo-Bhutanese accord returned the areas of Bhutan annexed by the British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. A refugee issue of some 85,000 Bhutanese in Nepal remains unresolved; 90% of the refugees are housed in seven United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps. Maoist Assamese separatists from India, who have established themselves in the southeast portion of Bhutan, have drawn Indian cross-border incursions. These uninhabited, barren, sub-Antarctic islands were transferred from the UK to Australia in 1947. Populated by large numbers of seal and bird species, the islands have been designated a nature preserve.
Birth rate 35.26 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) -
Budget revenues: $146 million


expenditures: $152 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY95/96 est.)


note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of Bhutan's budget expenditures		 -
Capital Thimphu -
Climate varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas antarctic
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 101.9 km
Constitution no written constitution or bill of rights; note - Bhutan uses 1953 Royal decree for the Constitution of the National Assembly; on 7 July 1998, a Royal edict was ratified giving the National Assembly additional powers -
Country name conventional long form: Kingdom of Bhutan


conventional short form: Bhutan		 conventional long form: Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands


conventional short form: Heard Island and McDonald Islands


abbreviation: HIMI
Currency ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR) -
Death rate 13.74 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) -
Debt - external $245 million (1998) -
Dependency status - territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Australian Antarctic Division of the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
Diplomatic representation from the US the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassy in New Delhi (India) none (territory of Australia)
Diplomatic representation in the US none; note - Bhutan has a Permanent Mission to the UN; address: 2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone [1] (212) 826-1919; the Bhutanese mission to the UN has consular jurisdiction in the US


consulate(s) general: New York		 none (territory of Australia)
Disputes - international approximately 100,000 Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal, 90% of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees camps, place decades-long strains on Nepal none
Economic aid - recipient substantial aid from India and other nations -
Economy - overview The economy, one of the world's smallest and least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, providing the main livelihood for more than 90% of the population. Agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links. The industrial sector is technologically backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are key resources. The Bhutanese Government has made some progress in expanding the nation's productive base and improving social welfare. Model education, social, and environment programs in Bhutan are underway with support from multilateral development organizations. Each economic program takes into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. Detailed controls and uncertain policies in areas like industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment. Major hydroelectric projects will lead expansion of GDP in 2002 by an estimated 6%. The islands have no indigenous economic activity, but the Australian Government allows limited fishing in the surrounding waters.
Electricity - consumption 380.68 million kWh (2000) -
Electricity - exports 1.385 billion kWh (2000) -
Electricity - imports 21 million kWh (2000) -
Electricity - production 1.876 billion kWh (2000) -
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel: 0%


hydro: 100%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)		 -
Elevation extremes lowest point: Drangme Chhu 97 m


highest point: Kula Kangri 7,553 m		 lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m


highest point: Mawson Peak, on Big Ben 2,745 m
Environment - current issues soil erosion; limited access to potable water NA
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Nuclear Test Ban


signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea		 -
Ethnic groups Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas--one of several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15% -
Exchange rates ngultrum per US dollar - 48.336 (January 2002), 47.186 (2001), 44.942 (2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997); note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee which is also legal tender -
Executive branch chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972)


head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Lyonpo Khandu WANGCHUK (since 8 August 2001)


cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed, five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch


elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms in July 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the monarch with two-thirds vote		 -
Exports $154 million f.o.b. (2000 est.) -
Exports - commodities electricity (to India), cardamom, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, precious stones, spices -
Exports - partners India 94%, Bangladesh -
Fiscal year 1 July - 30 June -
Flag description divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side the flag of Australia is used
GDP purchasing power parity - $2.5 billion (2001 est.) -
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 45%


industry: 20%


services: 35% (2001 est.)		 -
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,200 (2001 est.) -
GDP - real growth rate 6% (2000 est.) -
Geographic coordinates 27 30 N, 90 30 E 53 06 S, 72 31 E
Geography - note landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes -
Highways total: 3,285 km


paved: 1,994 km


unpaved: 1,291 km (1996)		 -
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%		 -
Imports $196 million c.i.f. (2000 est.) -
Imports - commodities fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics, rice -
Imports - partners India 77%, Japan, UK, Germany, US -
Independence 8 August 1949 (from India) -
Industrial production growth rate 9.3% (1996 est.) -
Industries cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide -
Infant mortality rate 106.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) -
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 7% (2000 est.) -
International organization participation AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTrO (observer) -
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) NA -
Irrigated land 400 sq km (1998 est.) 0 sq km
Judicial branch Supreme Court of Appeal (the monarch); High Court (judges appointed by the monarch) -
Labor force NA


note: massive lack of skilled labor		 -
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2% -
Land boundaries total: 1,075 km


border countries: China 470 km, India 605 km		 0 km
Land use arable land: 2.98%


permanent crops: 0.43%


other: 96.59% (1998 est.)		 arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (2005)
Languages Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects -
Legal system based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction the laws of Australia, where applicable, apply
Legislative branch unicameral National Assembly or Tshogdu (150 seats; 105 elected from village constituencies, 10 represent religious bodies, and 35 are designated by the monarch to represent government and other secular interests; members serve three-year terms)


elections: last held NA (next to be held NA)


election results: NA		 -
Life expectancy at birth total population: 53.19 years


male: 53.53 years


female: 52.83 years (2002 est.)		 -
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 42.2%


male: 56.2%


female: 28.1% (1995 est.)		 -
Location Southern Asia, between China and India islands in the Indian Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica
Map references Asia Antarctic Region
Maritime claims none (landlocked) territorial sea: 12 nm


exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Military - note - defense is the responsibility of Australia; Australia conducts fisheries patrols
Military branches Royal Bhutan Army, Royal Bodyguard, National Militia, Royal Bhutan Police, Forest Guards -
Military expenditures - dollar figure $9.3 million (FY01) -
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.9% (FY01) -
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49: 517,470 (2002 est.) -
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49: 276,303 (2002 est.) -
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age (2002 est.) -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males: 21,167 (2002 est.) -
National holiday National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king), 17 December (1907) -
Nationality noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural)


adjective: Bhutanese		 -
Natural hazards violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season Mawson Peak, an active volcano, is on Heard Island
Natural resources timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide fish
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) -
Political parties and leaders no legal parties -
Political pressure groups and leaders Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community; United Front for Democracy (exiled) -
Population 2,094,176


note: other estimates range as low as 810,000 (July 2002 est.)		 uninhabited
Population below poverty line NA% -
Population growth rate 2.15% (2002 est.) -
Ports and harbors none -
Radio broadcast stations AM 0, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998) -
Radios 37,000 (1997) -
Railways 0 km -
Religions Lamaistic Buddhist 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25% -
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female


total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2002 est.)		 -
Suffrage each family has one vote in village-level elections -
Telephone system general assessment: NA


domestic: domestic telephone service is very poor with few telephones in use


international: international telephone and telegraph service is by landline through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990)		 -
Telephones - main lines in use 6,000 (1997) -
Telephones - mobile cellular NA -
Television broadcast stations 0 (1997) -
Terrain mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna Heard Island - 80% ice-covered, bleak and mountainous, dominated by a large massif (Big Ben) and an active volcano (Mawson Peak); McDonald Islands - small and rocky
Total fertility rate 5 children born/woman (2002 est.) -
Unemployment rate NA% -
Waterways none -
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